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作者

来源

URBAN FORESTRY & URBAN GREENING,Vol.21,P.88-95

语言

英文

关键字

Greenness; Socioeconomic status; Income; NDVI; Tree cover; Inequality; SURROUNDING GREENNESS; SOCIOECONOMIC-STATUS; BIRTH COHORTS; RESIDENTIAL GREENNESS; HEALTH; SPACES; SENSITIZATION; DEPRIVATION; EXPOSURE; IMPACT

作者单位

[Markevych, Iana; Fuertes, Elaine; Standl, Marie; Heinrich, Joachim] German Res Ctr Environm Hlth, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Inst Epidemiol 1, Ingolstadter Landstr 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. [Markevych, Iana] Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen, Dr von Hauner Childrens Hosp, Div Metab & Nutr Med, Munich, Germany. [Maier, Werner] German Res Ctr Environm Hlth, Helmholtz Zentrum, Inst Hlth Econ & Hlth Care Management, Neuherberg, Germany. [Lehmann, Irina] UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Dept Environm Immunol, Leipzig, Germany. [von Berg, Andrea; Berdel, Dietrich] Marien Hosp Wesel, Dept Pediat, Res Inst, Wesel, Germany. [Bauer, Carl-Peter] Tech Univ Munich, Dept Pediat, Munich, Germany. [Koletzko, Sibylle] Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen, Dr von Hauner Childrens Hosp, Div Pediat Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Munich, Germany. [Sugiri, Dorothea] Univ Dusseldorf, IUF Leibniz Res Inst Environm Med, Dusseldorf, Germany. [Heinrich, Joachim] Univ Hosp Munich LMU, Inner City Clin, Inst & Outpatient Clin Occupat Social & Environm, Munich, Germany. Markevych, I (reprint author), German Res Ctr Environm Hlth, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Inst Epidemiol 1, Ingolstadter Landstr 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. E-Mail: iana.markevych@helmholtz-muenchen.de

摘要

Objective: We investigated whether families with lower individual-level socioeconomic status (SES) reside in less green neighbourhoods in four areas in Germany. Methods: Data were collected within two German birth cohorts-GINIplus and LISAplus. Net equivalent household income was categorized into study area-specific tertiles and used as a proxy for individual level SES. Neighbourhood greenness was calculated in 500-m buffers around home addresses as: 1) the mean normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI); 2) percent tree cover. Associations between income and neighbourhood greenness were assessed per study area using adjusted linear regression models. Results: In the Munich and Leipzig areas, families in the low and medium income tertiles resided in neighbourhoods with lower NDVI compared to those in the high income tertile (mean percent change in NDVI: 4.0 (95% confidence interval=-6.7 to 1.3) and 5.5 (-10.9 to 0.2), respectively). In contrast, in the Wesel area, families in the low income tertile resided in neighbourhoods with higher NDVI (2.9 (0.5-5.3)). Only the association in the Munich area was replicated when using tree cover instead of the NDVI. Conclusions: This study provides suggestive evidence that the presence and direction of associations between greenness and SES is region-specific in Germany. The degree of urbanization did not clarify this heterogeneity completely. (C) 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.