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作者

来源

LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING,Vol.165,P.54-63

语言

英文

关键字

Homogenization; Lawn; Residential yards; Species composition; Turfgrass; BIOTIC HOMOGENIZATION; SOCIOECONOMIC-STATUS; UNITED-STATES; URBAN LAWNS; URBANIZATION; BIODIVERSITY; MANAGEMENT; VEGETATION; DIVERSITY; RICHNESS

作者单位

[Wheeler, Megan M. t; Neill, Christopher] Marine Biol Lab, Ecosyst Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Groffman, Peter M.; Bettez, Neil] Cary Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY USA. [Avolio, Meghan; Pataki, Diane E.] Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. [Cavender-Bares, Jeannine; Hobbie, Sarah E.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. [Chowdhury, Rinku Roy] Indiana Univ, Dept Geog, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. [Darling, Lindsay] Northwestern Univ, Weinberg Coll Arts & Sci, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Grove, J. Morgan] US Forest Serv, USDA, Baltimore Field Stn, Winona, MN USA. [Wheeler, Megan M. t; Hall, Sharon J.] Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Heffernan, James B.] Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27706 USA. [Larson, Kelli L.] Arizona State Univ, Sch Sustainabil, Sch Geog Sci & Urban Planning, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Morse, Jennifer L.] Portland State Univ, Dept Environm Sci & Management, Portland, OR 97207 USA. [Nelson, Kristen C.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. [Nelson, Kristen C.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. [Ogden, Laura A.] Dartmouth Coll, Dept Anthropol, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. [O'Neil-Dunne, Jarlath] Univ Vermont, Rubenstein Sch Environm & Nat Resources, Spatial Anal Lab, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. [Polsky, Colin] Florida Atlantic Univ, Florida Ctr Environm Studies, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. [Steele, Meredith] Virginia Tech, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, Blacksburg, VA USA. [Trammell, Tara L. E.] Univ Delaware, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Newark, DE 19716 USA. [Neill, Christopher] Woods Hole Res Ctr, Falmouth, MA USA. [Groffman, Peter M.] CUNY, Adv Sci Res Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA. [Chowdhury, Rinku Roy] Clark Univ, Grad Sch Geog, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. Wheeler, MM (reprint author), Marine Biol Lab, Ecosyst Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.; Wheeler, MM (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. E-Mail: mmwheele@asu.edu; cneill@whrc.org; Peter.Groffman@asrc.cuny.edu; meghan.avolio@utah.edu; bettezn@caryinstitute.org; cavender@umn.edu; rroychowdhury@clarku.edu; lindsaydarling2013@u.northwestern.edu; morgangrove@fs.fed.us; sharonjhall@asu.edu; james.heffernan@duke.edu; shobbie@unn.edu; kelli.larson@asu.edu; jlmorse@pdx.edu; nelso468@umn.edu; laura.a.ogden@dartmouth.edu; jarlath.oneil-dunne@uvm.edu; diane.pataki@utah.edu; cpolsky@fau.edu; steelem@vt.edu; ttram@udel.edu

摘要

Residential lawns are highly managed ecosystems that occur in urbanized landscapes across the United States. Because they are ubiquitous, lawns are good systems in which to study the potential homogenizing effects of urban land use and management together with the continental-scale effects of climate on ecosystem structure and functioning. We hypothesized that similar homeowner preferences and management in residential areas across the United States would lead to low plant species diversity in lawns and relatively homogeneous vegetation across broad geographical regions. We also hypothesized that lawn plant species richness would increase with regional temperature and precipitation due to the presence of spontaneous, weedy vegetation, but would decrease with household income and fertilizer use. To test these predictions, we compared plant species composition and richness in residential lawns in seven U.S. metropolitan regions. We also compared species composition in lawns with understory vegetation in minimally-managed reference areas in each city. As expected, the composition of cultivated turfgrasses was more similar among lawns than among reference areas, but this pattern also held among spontaneous species. Plant species richness and diversity varied more among lawns than among reference areas, and more diverse lawns occurred in metropolitan areas with higher precipitation. Native forb diversity increased with precipitation and decreased with income, driving overall lawn diversity trends with these predictors as well. Our results showed that both management and regional climate shaped lawn species composition, but the overall homogeneity of species regardless of regional context strongly suggested that management was a more important driver.