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作者

来源

URBAN FORESTRY & URBAN GREENING,Vol.22,P.24-35

语言

英文

关键字

Principle-agent relationship; Residential landscape; Social-ecological systems; Urban ecology; Urban forest; Urban tree canopy; URBAN FOREST; UNITED-STATES; SACRAMENTO; USA; DISSERVICES; GOVERNANCE; MANAGEMENT; MORTALITY; SURVIVAL; COVER

作者单位

[Nguyen, Vi D.] Univ Calif Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Nguyen, Vi D.; Roman, Lara A.] US Forest Serv, USDA, Northern Res Stn, Philadelphia Field Stn, 100 N 20th St, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA. [Locke, Dexter H.] Clark Univ, Grad Sch Geog, 950 Main St, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. [Mincey, Sarah K.] Indiana Univ, Sch Publ & Environm Affairs, MSBII 134,702 N Walnut Grove Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. [Sanders, Jessica R.] Casey Trees, 3030 12th St NE, Washington, DC 20017 USA. [Fichman, Erica Smith] Philadelphia Pk & Recreat, 1515 Arch St 10th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19102 USA. [Duran-Mitchell, Mike] New York Restorat Project, 254 W 31st St 10th Floor, New York, NY 10001 USA. [Tobing, Sarah Lumban] City New York Dept Pk & Recreat, 1234 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10029 USA. [Nguyen, Vi D.] Prineville Bur Land Management, 3050 NE 3rd St, Prineville, OR 97754 USA. Roman, LA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Northern Res Stn, Philadelphia Field Stn, 100 N 20th St, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA. E-Mail: lroman@fs.fed.us

摘要

Residential lands constitute a major component of existing and possible tree canopy in many cities in the United States. To expand the urban forest on these lands, some municipalities and nonprofit organizations have launched residential yard tree distribution programs, also known as tree giveaway programs. This paper describes the operations of five tree distribution programs affiliated with the Urban Ecology Collaborative, a regional network for urban forestry professionals. We analyzed the programs' missions, strategies, and challenges as reported through surveys and interviews conducted with program staff. The programs were led by nonprofit organizations and municipal departments in New York City, NY; Baltimore, MD; Philadelphia, PA; Providence, RI; and Worcester, MA. These organizations focused their tree distribution efforts on private residential lands in response to ambitious tree canopy or planting campaign goals. We assessed these programs through the framework of urban forests as social-ecological systems and discuss the programs' biophysical, social and institutional contexts. Programs face principle-agent problems related to reliance on individual tree recipients to meet goals; their institutional strategies meant to ameliorate these problems varied. Differing organizational and partner resources influenced the programs' abilities to perform outreach and follow-up on tree performance. Programs attempted to connect with diverse neighborhoods through free trees, targeting areas with low existing canopy, and forging partnerships with local community groups. Given tree recipients' demand for smaller flowering or fruiting trees, as well as lack of resources for tree survival monitoring on private lands, program leaders appeared to have turned to social measures of success - spreading a positive message about trees and urban greening - as opposed to biophysical performance metrics. We conclude with suggestions for outcomes monitoring, whether those outcomes are social or biophysical, because monitoring is critical to the sustainability and adaptive management of residential tree programs. Published by Elsevier GmbH.