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作者

来源

JOURNAL OF URBAN HISTORY,Vol.44,Issue4,P.669-690

语言

英文

关键字

New Careers; Great Society; War on Poverty; human services; service economy; deindustrialization; nonprofit organizations; African American women

作者单位

[Dunning, Claire] Stanford Univ, Ctr Philanthropy & Civil Soc, 559 Nathan Abbot Way, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Dunning, C (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Ctr Philanthropy & Civil Soc, 559 Nathan Abbot Way, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. E-Mail: cdunning@stanford.edu

摘要

In the 1960s, a new and popular theory of new careers proposed to address urban poverty and deindustrialization by growing the human services sector and hiring so-called nonprofessional workers to aid the delivery of those services. This strategy gained traction in social scientific, philanthropic, and bureaucratic circles and shaped Great Society legislation, which allocated federal grants to create entry-level jobs and professionalizing career ladders in the fields of health, education, and welfare. The implementation of this strategy had consequences for the human service organizations that received federal funds, as well as for the people hired into the new positions. Instead of building ladders to professional employment, efforts produced dead-end positions that left the predominantly African American women hired as aides in poverty. Even as the new careers experiment helped usher in a post-industrial economy, it reinforced the stratification of the labor market along lines of race, gender, and credentials.