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作者

来源

URBAN FORESTRY & URBAN GREENING,Vol.31,P.157-168

语言

英文

关键字

Historical ecology; Legacy effect; Social-ecological system; Tree diversity; Urban ecology; Urban tree canopy; EMERALD ASH BORER; TREE SPECIES-DIVERSITY; LAND-USE; GROUP IDENTITY; NORTH-AMERICA; STREET TREES; HISTORY; VEGETATION; ECOSYSTEMS; TIME

作者单位

[Roman, Lara A.] US Forest Serv, Northern Res Stn, Philadelphia Field Stn, 100 N 20th St Suite 205, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA. [Pearsall, Hamil] Temple Univ, Geog & Urban Studies Dept, 308 Gladfelter Hall,1115 W Berks St, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA. [Eisenman, Theodore S.] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Landscape Architecture & Reg Planning, 333 Design Bldg,551 North Pleasant St, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. [Conway, Tenley M.] Univ Toronto, Dept Geog, 3359 Mississauga Rd, Mississauga, ON, Canada. [Fahey, Robert T.] Univ Connecticut, Dept Nat Resources & Environm, Unit 4087, 1376 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. [Fahey, Robert T.] Univ Connecticut, Ctr Environm Sci & Engn, Unit 4087, 1376 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. [Landry, Shawn] Univ S Florida, Sch Geosci, 4202 East Fowler Ave,NES107, Tampa, FL USA. [Landry, Shawn] Univ S Florida, USF Water Inst, 4202 East Fowler Ave,NES107, Tampa, FL USA. [Vogt, Jess] Depaul Univ, Environm Sci & Studies Dept, 1 E Jackson Blvd, Chicago, IL 60601 USA. [van Doorn, Natalie S.] US Forest Serv, Pacific Southwest Res Stn, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. [Grove, J. Morgan] US Forest Serv, Northern Res Stn, Baltimore Field Stn, 5523 Res Pk Dr,Suite 350, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Locke, Dexter H.] Natl Socioenvironm Synth Ctr SESYNC, 1 Pk Pl,Suite 300, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. [Bardekjian, Adrina C.; van den Bosch, Cecil C. Konijnendijk] Univ British Columbia, Dept Forest Resources Management, 2045-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. [Battles, John J.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Cadenasso, Mary L.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Sci, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Avolio, Meghan] Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Berland, Adam] Ball State Univ, Dept Geog, 2000 W Univ Ave, Muncie, IN 47306 USA. [Jenerette, G. Darrel] Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. [Mincey, Sarah K.] Indiana Univ, Sch Publ & Environm Affairs, 1315 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. [Pataki, Diane E.] Univ Utah, Dept Biol, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. [Staudhammer, Christina] Univ Alabama, Dept Biol Sci, POB 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL USA. Roman, LA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Northern Res Stn, Philadelphia Field Stn, 100 N 20th St Suite 205, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA. E-Mail: lroman@fs.fed.us

摘要

Understanding how urban forests developed their current patterns of tree canopy cover, species composition, and diversity requires an appreciation of historical legacy effects. However, analyses of current urban forest characteristics are often limited to contemporary socioeconomic factors, overlooking the role of history. The institutions, human communities, and biophysical conditions of cities change over time, creating layers of legacies on the landscape, shifting urban forests through complex interactive processes and feedbacks. Urban green spaces and planted trees can persist long after their establishment, meaning that today's mature canopy reflects conditions and decisions from many years prior. In this synthesis article, we discuss some of the major historical human and biophysical drivers and associated legacy effects expressed in present urban forest patterns, highlighting examples in the United States and Canada. The bioregional context - native biome, climate, topography, initial vegetation, and pre-urbanization land use - represents the initial conditions in which a city established and grew, and this context influences how legacy effects unfold. Human drivers of legacy effects can reflect specific historical periods: colonial histories related to the symbolism of certain species, and the urban parks and civic beautification movements. Other human drivers include phenomena that cut across time periods such as neighborhood urban form and socioeconomic change. Biophysical legacy effects include the consequences of past disturbances such as extreme weather events and pest and disease outbreaks. Urban tree professionals play a major role in many legacy effects by mediating the interactions and feedbacks between biophysical and human drivers. We emphasize the importance of historical perspectives to understand past drivers that have produced current urban forest patterns, and call for interdisciplinary and mixed methods research to unpack the mechanisms of long-term urban forest change at intra- and inter-city scales.